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Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a technology that enables computers to understand and interpret human language, and it has undergone significant changes in recent years due to advancements in deep learning technologies. In this article, we will explore in detail how to solve natural language processing problems by combining Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Conditional Random Field (CRF).

1. What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field positioned at the intersection of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics, aiming to enable computers to understand and generate natural language. Here are some key application areas of natural language processing:

• Document summarization
• Sentiment analysis
• Machine translation
• Question-Answering systems
• Name Entity Recognition (NER)

2. Introduction of Deep Learning

Traditional NLP techniques often relied on manually designed rules and features. However, advancements in deep learning have introduced ways to automatically learn features from large amounts of data. In particular, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) such as LSTM excel at processing sequential data like text effectively.

3. Basic Structure of LSTM

LSTM, a variant of RNN, is designed to address the long-term dependency problem. LSTM consists of three main components: Cell State, Input Gate, and Output Gate. This structure allows the network to remember and forget information over longer periods.

3.1 How LSTM Works

The working mechanism of LSTM is as follows:

• Input Gate: Determines which information to remember based on the current input data and the previous hidden state.
• Cell State Update: Updates the cell state based on valid inputs.
• Output Gate: Determines the cell state to be passed to the next step.

4. Bidirectional LSTM

Bidirectional LSTM uses two LSTM layers to process the input sequence in both directions. One captures past information while the other captures future information. This is particularly advantageous for natural language processing tasks where context is critical.

4.1 Advantages of Bidirectional LSTM

• Balanced capture of contextual information
• Performance improvement across various NLP tasks

5. Conditional Random Field (CRF)

CRF is a statistical model used to solve sequence labeling problems. It models the conditional probabilities of output labels given an input sequence. Here are the main features of CRF:

• Modeling dependencies between labels based on transmission probabilities
• Ability to recognize complex patterns

6. Bidirectional LSTM + CRF Architecture

The architecture combining Bidirectional LSTM and CRF is highly effective in natural language processing. This combination operates in the following ways:

• Bidirectional LSTM generates context vectors for each input token.
• CRF uses these context vectors to optimize the output label sequence.

6.1 Model Structure

The structure of a typical Bidirectional LSTM + CRF architecture is as follows:

1. Preprocessing of word input
2. Word embedding through embedding layer
3. Sequence processing through Bidirectional LSTM
4. Label prediction through CRF layer

7. Parameter Tuning and Training

To maximize the model’s performance, it is essential to select appropriate hyperparameters. The main hyperparameters are:

• Learning Rate
• Batch Size
• Epochs
• Dropout Rate

8. Evaluation Metrics

The model’s performance is measured through several evaluation metrics including:

• Accuracy
• Precision
• Recall
• F1 Score

9. Real-world Examples

The Bidirectional LSTM + CRF architecture has already been applied to various natural language processing problems and has excelled in areas such as:

• Named entity recognition in medical reports
• Sentiment analysis in social media
• Machine translation systems

10. Conclusion

Natural language processing using deep learning has brought significant advancements compared to previous rule-based approaches. In particular, the combination of Bidirectional LSTM and CRF allows for more effective modeling of contextual information, leading to high performance across various NLP fields. In the future, these technologies are expected to evolve further and be applied to various domains. Thus, the future of natural language processing can be considered very bright.

11. References

• Huang, Z., Xu, W., & Yu, K. (2015). Bidirectional LSTM-CRF Models for Sequence Tagging. arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.01991.
• Yao, X., & Lu, Y. (2020). An Overview of Deep Learning Models for Natural Language Processing. Journal of Computer Science, 11(6), 347-358.
• Li, S. et al. (2018). A Survey of Deep Learning in Natural Language Processing. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.

The content and technologies discussed above demonstrate modern approaches that are currently gaining attention in the field of natural language processing. Exploring this topic more deeply and gaining experience will provide opportunities for successful outcomes in the field of natural language processing.

1. Introduction

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence that studies methods for understanding and interpreting human language. NLP is used in various applications such as information retrieval, machine translation, and sentiment analysis, among which Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important task that identifies proper nouns (e.g., person names, location names, dates, etc.) in text. Recent advancements in deep learning technologies have significantly improved NER performance. In particular, the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model is effective for this task, and this article provides a detailed explanation of the theory and implementation of an NER system utilizing Bi-LSTM.

2. Understanding Named Entity Recognition (NER)

2.1 Definition of NER

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the task of identifying and classifying entities such as people, locations, organizations, and dates in a given text. For instance, in the sentence “Rome in Italy is a beautiful city,” “Italy” is recognized as a location (geographical name), and “Rome” is identified as a specific city. NER plays a crucial role in various NLP applications such as information extraction, question-answering systems, and machine translation.

2.2 Traditional Approaches to NER

NER was traditionally performed using rule-based approaches and statistical machine learning methods. Rule-based approaches involve manually setting rules based on expert knowledge to construct a model. On the other hand, statistical machine learning methods recognize entities by learning patterns from large amounts of data, but they have limitations in understanding context.

3. Deep Learning and NER

3.1 Innovations in Deep Learning

In recent years, deep learning has brought about innovative results in various fields like image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language processing. These changes are mainly due to the advancements in Deep Neural Networks, combined with large volumes of data and powerful computing power. Deep learning is particularly effective in extracting features from unstructured data, making it suitable for complex tasks such as NER.

3.2 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and LSTM

In the field of natural language processing, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) provide a useful structure for processing sequence data. However, RNNs struggle with the vanishing gradient problem when learning long sequences. To address this, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks were developed. LSTMs introduce memory cells and gate structures that regulate the retention and forgetting of information. As a result of these characteristics, LSTMs understand context well and enhance the performance of natural language processing.

3.3 Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM)

Standard LSTMs process sequences in only one direction. However, Bi-LSTMs process sequences in both directions, allowing them to learn information not only from preceding words but also from subsequent words for the current word. This improves context understanding and enables more accurate named entity recognition.

4. Building an NER System Using Bi-LSTM

4.1 Data Preparation

To build an NER model, labeled training data with proper nouns is required. The CoNLL-2003 dataset is commonly used and consists of labeled text divided into categories such as persons, locations, organizations, and others. The process of loading and preprocessing the dataset significantly impacts model performance, so it should be carried out carefully.

4.2 Data Preprocessing

• Tokenization: The process of splitting sentences into individual words. Each word serves as input for the model.
• Indexing: Converting each word into a unique index. This enables the model to process input composed of numerical data.
• Padding: The process of adjusting sentences of varying lengths to a fixed length. Padding is added to shorter sentences, while longer sentences are truncated.

4.3 Building the Bi-LSTM Model

Now that the data preparation is complete, it is time to build the Bi-LSTM model. Libraries such as TensorFlow and Keras make it easy to construct deep learning models. Below is a representation of the typical structure of a Bi-LSTM model:

import numpy as np
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding, LSTM, Dense, Dropout, Bidirectional

# Model initialization
model = Sequential()

# Embedding layer
model.add(Embedding(input_dim=vocab_size, output_dim=embedding_dim, input_length=max_length))

# Adding Bi-LSTM layer
model.add(Bidirectional(LSTM(units=hidden_units, return_sequences=True)))

# Dropout layer
model.add(Dropout(rate=dropout_rate))

# Output layer
model.add(Dense(units=num_classes, activation='softmax'))

# Compile the model
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])

4.4 Training and Evaluation

Once the model is built, training can proceed. Appropriate hyperparameters (learning rate, batch size, etc.) should be set, and the fit method is used to perform the training. After training is complete, the model’s performance is evaluated using validation data. Below is an example of training code:

history = model.fit(train_X, train_Y, validation_data=(val_X, val_Y), epochs=epochs, batch_size=batch_size)

4.5 Improving Model Performance

Various techniques can be applied to enhance model performance. For example, data augmentation, deeper network architectures, and transfer learning techniques can be used. Utilizing pre-trained models can achieve excellent performance even with a limited amount of data.

5. Conclusion

Bi-LSTM is an effective deep learning model for named entity recognition (NER) tasks. This model understands context well and can accurately recognize various entities. This blog has aimed to provide readers with the fundamental knowledge necessary to develop NER systems by detailing the concepts of NER, the theory behind Bi-LSTM, and the implementation process. The field of NLP is expected to continue growing, with more advanced techniques being continuously researched and applied.

Natural language processing is a technology that enables computers to understand and interpret human language. This technology is used in various fields including text analysis, translation, sentiment analysis, and has shown even faster and more accurate processing capabilities due to the advancements in deep learning in recent years. In particular, intent classification is the process of extracting specific intents from user input, which is an essential function for chatbots, customer support systems, and voice recognition systems.

1. What is Intent Classification?

Intent classification is the task of identifying the user’s intent from a given sentence or question. For example, when posed with the question “How’s the weather tomorrow?”, the user fundamentally has the intent of requesting weather information. The goal of intent classification is to accurately identify this intent and provide an appropriate response.

2. The Role of Deep Learning

Traditional natural language processing techniques primarily relied on rule-based systems or machine learning technologies. However, with the emergence of deep learning, it has become possible to learn patterns from large amounts of data and understand the nuances and context of natural language through more complex models. Deep learning especially demonstrates strong performance in the following cases:

• Large Amounts of Data: Deep learning models improve performance through large amounts of data.
• High-Dimensional Information: Language contains multidimensional and complex information, making deep learning neural networks useful.
• Non-Linear Relationships: Deep learning can grasp complex non-linear relationships and understand the various contexts of natural language.

3. Pre-trained Word Embeddings

Word embedding is a method of mapping words into a vector space to reflect the semantic similarities between each word. For example, “king” and “queen” are semantically similar, so these words are placed close to each other in vector space. Using pre-trained word embeddings provides the following advantages:

• Efficiency: Utilizing pre-trained models from large datasets can save time and costs.
• Generalization: Embeddings trained across various domains generalize well across different natural language processing tasks.
• Performance Improvement: Using pre-trained embeddings accelerates model performance and is effective even when training data is scarce.

4. Types of Pre-trained Word Embeddings

Examples of commonly used pre-trained word embeddings include the following models:

4.1 Word2Vec

Word2Vec is a model developed by Google that learns word embeddings using two architectures: Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) and Skip-gram. CBOW predicts the center word using surrounding words, while Skip-gram predicts surrounding words using the center word.

4.2 GloVe

GloVe (Global Vectors for Word Representation) is a model developed by Facebook that understands relationships between words through global statistical information. GloVe places semantically similar words close together in vector space based on their co-occurrence probabilities.

4.3 FastText

FastText is a model developed by Facebook that learns by breaking words down into character n-grams. This allows words with similar meanings (e.g., “playing” and “play”) to have similar vectors, effectively addressing the OOV (Out-Of-Vocabulary) problem.

5. Building an Intent Classification Model

Now, let’s build a deep learning model for intent classification. This process can be broadly divided into stages: data collection and preprocessing, model design, training, and evaluation.

5.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing

To build an intent classification model, text data related to the intents is required. This data can be sourced from public datasets or collected through web scraping. After data collection, the following preprocessing steps must be carried out:

• Tokenization: The process of splitting sentences into individual words.
• Cleaning: Removing special characters, numbers, etc., to create clean data.
• Removing Stop Words: Eliminating words that do not add meaning (e.g., “this,” “is,” “of,” etc.) to enhance analysis efficiency.
• Embedding Transformation: Applying pre-trained embeddings to convert each word into a vector.

5.2 Model Design

The model for intent classification is primarily designed using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) or Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Below is an example of a simple LSTM model:

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Embedding, LSTM, Dense

# Data preparation
sentences = ['sentence1', 'sentence2', ...]  # List of sentences for intent classification
labels = [0, 1, ...]  # Labels for each sentence

# Tokenization
tokenizer = Tokenizer()
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(sentences)
sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(sentences)

# Padding
max_length = max(len(seq) for seq in sequences)
padded_sequences = pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=max_length, padding='post')

# Model building
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(input_dim=len(tokenizer.word_index) + 1, output_dim=100, input_length=max_length))
model.add(LSTM(128))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])

5.3 Model Training

The model is trained using training and validation data. The training process involves multiple epochs that continuously improve the model’s performance.

# Model training
model.fit(padded_sequences, labels, epochs=10, validation_split=0.2)

5.4 Model Evaluation and Prediction

After training is complete, the model can be evaluated using validation data and predictions can be made by inputting actual data.

# Model evaluation
loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(validation_data)

# Prediction
predictions = model.predict(new_data)

6. Practical Applications

Intent classification models can be practically utilized in various fields. They play essential roles, especially in customer service chatbots, voice assistants, spam email filtering, and review analysis.

6.1 Chatbots

Chatbots are tools that provide automated responses to customer inquiries, accurately identifying user questions and generating appropriate responses through intent classification. For instance, a question like “I want a refund” requires providing information about the refund process.

6.2 Voice Assistants

Intent classification is also crucial in voice recognition services. When users request specific tasks through voice commands, understanding and executing these intents is vital. For example, it should provide an appropriate response to a request like “Book a movie.”

6.3 Review Analysis

Analyzing product reviews can help identify users’ positive or negative intents, aiding in product improvements or marketing strategies.

7. Conclusion

Natural language processing using deep learning, particularly intent classification utilizing pre-trained word embeddings, has brought about innovative changes in various fields. By accurately understanding user intents, it enhances user experience in chatbots, voice assistants, and more. Further advancements in natural language processing technologies are anticipated.

References

• Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013). ‘Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality’. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 26.
• Pennington, J., Socher, R., & Manning, C. D. (2014). ‘GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation’. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP).
• Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Mikolov, T., Sutskever, I., & Jozefowicz, R. (2017). ‘Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information’. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5, 135-146.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of artificial intelligence that enables machines to understand and generate human language. Thanks to advancements in deep learning over the past few years, the field of NLP has rapidly developed, and among these, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) play an important role in text processing.

1. What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field developed at the intersection of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics, focusing on enabling machines to understand and generate human language. A major goal of NLP is for machines to comprehend human language, interpret sentences, extract meanings, and ultimately generate natural language in a way similar to humans.

2. The Combination of Deep Learning and NLP

Deep learning, a machine learning technique based on artificial neural networks, is highly effective in learning complex patterns from large datasets. With the application of deep learning in the field of NLP, high accuracy has been achieved in various natural language processing tasks. In particular, convolutional neural networks are known for their strong performance in processing text data.

3. Basic Concept of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are primarily used for image recognition and processing, but recent studies have demonstrated their effectiveness in NLP as well. The basic structure of a CNN is as follows:

• Input Layer: The layer where data is inputted; in NLP, this typically uses word embedding vectors.
• Convolutional Layer: Applies filters to the input data to create feature maps. In NLP, it plays an important role in learning word patterns or contexts.
• Pooling Layer: A layer that reduces the dimensions of the feature map, aiding in feature extraction and generalization.
• Fully Connected Layer: The layer that outputs the final results and performs classification tasks.

4. Applying CNNs in NLP

CNNs in NLP are primarily applied to various tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and document classification. Here are a few ways to use CNNs in NLP:

4.1. Text Classification

In text classification tasks, CNNs take word embeddings as input and extract features through various filters. Each filter captures patterns of specific n-grams (e.g., 2-gram, 3-gram), enabling effective analysis of sentence meanings.

4.2. Sentiment Analysis

In sentiment analysis, it is necessary to classify the sentiments of given texts as positive, negative, or neutral. CNNs can achieve high accuracy in sentiment analysis by learning features that allow for quick judgment of a text’s sentiment.

4.3. Document Classification

In document classification tasks, CNNs are used to predict labels for each document. By extracting features from multiple layers, each document’s subject can be effectively classified.

5. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNNs

Using CNNs has both advantages and disadvantages.

5.1. Advantages

• Feature Extraction: CNNs can automatically extract important features, reducing the need for manually defining features.
• Semantic Understanding: CNNs are strong in pattern recognition, making them capable of well-learning the semantic relationships between words.
• Efficiency: CNNs are efficient in parallel processing, making them suitable for handling large datasets.

5.2. Disadvantages

• Difficult Interpretation: Interpreting the internal workings of CNNs is challenging, which can lead to the ‘black box’ problem.
• Inconvenient Hyperparameter Tuning: Optimizing performance requires hyperparameter tuning, but finding the optimal parameters can be cumbersome.

6. Components of a CNN Model

A typical CNN model consists of the following main components:

6.1. Embedding Layer

Converts words in text data into vectors. Pre-trained embeddings like Word2Vec or GloVe can be used in this stage.

6.2. Convolution Layer

Extracts specific patterns from text using multiple filters. Each filter can recognize different n-grams.

6.3. Pooling Layer

Reduces the dimensions of the feature map while retaining important information. Generally, Max Pooling or Average Pooling is employed.

6.4. Fully Connected Layer

Outputs the final prediction based on the extracted features.

7. Data Preprocessing for CNNs

To use CNNs effectively in NLP, data preprocessing is necessary. The typical preprocessing steps are as follows:

• Tokenization: The process of dividing sentences into words.
• Cleansing: Removing unnecessary punctuation and special characters to clean the data.
• Embedding: Converting each word into an embedding vector for use as input.

8. Example of Building an NLP Model Using CNNs

Below is an example of building a simple CNN-based NLP model using Python and TensorFlow.

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv1D, MaxPooling1D, Flatten, Dense, Embedding
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential

# Hyperparameters
vocab_size = 10000
embedding_dim = 128
input_length = 200

# Model definition
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim, input_length=input_length))
model.add(Conv1D(filters=128, kernel_size=5, activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling1D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))

# Model compilation
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='adam', metrics=['accuracy'])

# Model summary
model.summary()

9. Future Directions for CNNs

CNNs have achieved many successes in the field of NLP, but future research will likely progress in the following directions:

• Transfer Learning: Ongoing research will continue to utilize large-scale language models such as BERT and GPT for transfer learning.
• Hybrid Models: The development of hybrid models combining CNNs with RNNs and Transformer models is anticipated.
• Improved Interpretability: Research aimed at enhancing the interpretability of CNN models will continue.

10. Conclusion

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have established themselves as very useful tools in the field of NLP. Their powerful performance in understanding context and extracting important patterns demonstrates their utility in various NLP tasks. Many research endeavors and advancements based on CNNs are expected in the future.

References

• Yoon Kim, “Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification”, 2014.
• Kim, S.-Y. et al., “Deep learning for natural language processing: A survey”, 2021.

Deep learning has brought many innovations to the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in recent years. There are several effective methods for processing text data, but in this article, we will discuss how to classify Naver movie reviews using Multi-Kernel 1D CNN.

1. Introduction

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the technology that enables computers to understand and process human language. Recently, various deep learning models and techniques have been applied to NLP, showing high performance. In particular, CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) has stood out in the field of image processing, but it can also be effectively utilized in text data. Multi-Kernel 1D CNN allows for a multidimensional approach by using various kernel sizes, making it very useful for text classification problems.

2. Overview of Multi-Kernel 1D CNN

Multi-Kernel 1D CNN is a CNN structure optimized for one-dimensional data, i.e., text data. Traditional CNNs are designed for processing image data, but different strategies are needed when processing text. Multi-Kernel 1D CNN can capture various sizes of n-grams by applying filters of different sizes.

2.1 Basic Principles of CNN

CNN is a neural network that uses filters to detect input data. Filters scan the input data and extract specific patterns or features. This process occurs through multiple layers, and classification is ultimately performed based on the extracted features.

2.2 Advantages of Multi-Kernel CNN

Multi-Kernel CNN allows for the simultaneous use of filters of various sizes, enabling it to learn features of different sizes at the same time. This is very advantageous for capturing the diverse contexts of text data. For instance, by applying filters of sizes 3-grams, 4-grams, and 5-grams, we can effectively learn combinations of words.

3. Introduction to Naver Movie Review Dataset

The Naver movie review dataset consists of movie reviews written in Korean, labeled as positive or negative. This dataset is suitable for evaluating the performance of deep learning models and is widely used in Korean NLP research.

3.1 Dataset Composition

• Review Text: User reviews for each movie
• Label: Positive (1) or Negative (0)

3.2 Data Preprocessing

Data preprocessing is an essential step in training deep learning models. Review data must be cleaned to remove unnecessary information and refined so that the model can easily understand it. Generally, it includes the following processes:

• Removing special characters and stop words
• Morpheme analysis and word tokenization
• Building a vocabulary dictionary and text encoding

4. Building the Multi-Kernel 1D CNN Model

Now, let’s build a Multi-Kernel 1D CNN model. In this process, we will implement the model using TensorFlow and Keras libraries.

4.1 Model Design

The basic architecture of Multi-Kernel 1D CNN is as follows.

from keras.models import Model
from keras.layers import Input, Conv1D, MaxPooling1D, Flatten, Dense, Dropout

# Input layer
input_layer = Input(shape=(max_length, embedding_dim))

# Add Conv layers with various kernel sizes
conv_blocks = []
for filter_size in [3, 4, 5]:
    conv = Conv1D(filters=128, kernel_size=filter_size, activation='relu')(input_layer)
    pool = MaxPooling1D(pool_size=2)(conv)
    conv_blocks.append(pool)

# Concatenate all the convolutional layers
merged = concatenate(conv_blocks, axis=1)

# Flatten and add dense layers
flat = Flatten()(merged)
dropout = Dropout(0.5)(flat)
output = Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')(dropout)

# Model configuration
model = Model(inputs=input_layer, outputs=output)
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

4.2 Model Training

To train the model, you need to prepare the training data and set appropriate hyperparameters. During the training process, the validation dataset can be used to evaluate the model’s generalization.

# Model training
history = model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=64, validation_data=(X_val, y_val))

5. Model Evaluation

Evaluate the performance of the trained model on the test dataset. Performance can be analyzed using metrics such as Precision, Recall, and F1-score.

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

# Model prediction
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
y_pred_labels = (y_pred > 0.5).astype(int)

# Performance evaluation
print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred_labels))

6. Conclusion

In this article, we explained in detail how to classify Naver movie reviews using Multi-Kernel 1D CNN. Classification through CNN is one of the effective methods for processing text data and shows potential for application in various fields. We reviewed the entire process of data preprocessing, model design, training, and evaluation, and we hope that more research will be conducted along with the advancement of deep learning-based NLP technologies.

7. References

• [1] Yoon Kim, “Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classification”.
• [2] Goldberg, Y. (2016). “Neural Network Methods for Natural Language Processing”.
• [3] “Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing”.
• [4] “Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks with a Python Example”.

I hope this article has provided you with useful information. Please leave your questions or feedback in the comments!