{"id":27700,"date":"2024-10-27T14:43:12","date_gmt":"2024-10-27T14:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/?p=27700"},"modified":"2024-11-26T07:16:02","modified_gmt":"2024-11-26T07:16:02","slug":"c-%ec%bd%94%eb%94%a9%ed%85%8c%ec%8a%a4%ed%8a%b8-%ea%b0%95%ec%a2%8c-%ec%9c%84%ec%83%81-%ec%a0%95%eb%a0%ac-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/27700\/","title":{"rendered":"C++ \ucf54\ub529\ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uac15\uc88c, \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

\uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc774\ubc88 \uae00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c<\/strong>\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc740 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc131 \ube44\uc21c\ud658 \uadf8\ub798\ud504(DAG, Directed Acyclic Graph)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc810\uc744 \uc120\ud615\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc5f4\ud558\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc73c\ub85c, \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc21c\uc11c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ub54c \uc720\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \uc885\uc18d\uc131\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ucef4\ud30c\uc77c\ub7ec\uac00 \ucf54\ub4dc\uc758 \uc2e4\ud589 \uc21c\uc11c\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \ub54c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ubb38\uc81c \uc124\uba85<\/h2>\n

\ub2e4\uc74c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\n

\ubb38\uc81c: \uc791\uc5c5 \uc2a4\ucf00\uc904\ub9c1<\/h3>\n

\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac1c\uc758 \uc791\uc5c5\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c, \uac01 \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc120\ud589 \uc791\uc5c5\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc120\ud589 \uc791\uc5c5\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc644\ub8cc\ub41c \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub9cc \ud574\ub2f9 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\ud504\uc758 \uc815\uc810\uc740 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0b4\uace0, \uac04\uc120\uc740 \uc120\ud589 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0c5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc21c\uc11c\ub85c \ub098\uc5f4\ud558\uc2dc\uc624.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\uc785\ub825<\/h2>\n

\uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc904\uc5d0\ub294 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uac1c\uc218 N<\/code> (1 \u2264 N \u2264 1000)\uacfc \uac04\uc120\uc758 \uac1c\uc218 M<\/code> (0 \u2264 M \u2264 10000)\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ub2e4\uc74c M<\/code>\uac1c\uc758 \uc904\uc5d0\ub294 x<\/code> y<\/code> \uc30d\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c0\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \uc791\uc5c5 x<\/code>\uac00 \uc791\uc5c5 y<\/code>\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uba3c\uc800 \uc218\ud589\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud568\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\ucd9c\ub825<\/h2>\n

\uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uc218\ud589\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc21c\uc11c\ub97c \ud55c \uc904\uc5d0 \uacf5\ubc31\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\ubd84\ud558\uc5ec \ucd9c\ub825\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d \uc21c\uc11c\uac00 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uba74 -1<\/code>\uc744 \ucd9c\ub825\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n

\uc608\uc81c \uc785\ub825<\/h2>\n
\n    6 6\n    1 2\n    1 3\n    2 4\n    3 4\n    4 5\n    5 6\n    <\/pre>\n
\uc608\uc81c \ucd9c\ub825<\/h2>\n
1 2 3 4 5 6<\/pre>\n
\uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc758 \uc6d0\ub9ac<\/h2>\n
\uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc740 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4: DFS(\uae4a\uc774 \uc6b0\uc120 \ud0d0\uc0c9)<\/strong>\uc640 BFS(\ub108\ube44 \uc6b0\uc120 \ud0d0\uc0c9)<\/strong>. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c\ub294 BFS\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud55c Kahn\uc758 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc744 \uc18c\uac1c\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. Kahn\uc758 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc808\ucc28\ub85c \uc9c4\ud589\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uae30\ub85d\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n
  2. \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\uac00 0\uc778 \uc815\uc810\uc744 \ud050\uc5d0 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n
  3. \ud050\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc810\uc744 \ud558\ub098\uc529 \uaebc\ub0b4\uace0, \uadf8 \uc815\uc810\uc744 \uacb0\uacfc \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc5d0 \ucd94\uac00\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n
  4. \uaebc\ub0b8 \uc815\uc810\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uac00\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac04\uc120\uc744 \uc81c\uac70\ud558\uace0, \uac01 \uac04\uc120\uc758 \ub3c4\ucc29 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\uac00 0\uc774 \ub418\ub294 \uc815\uc810\uc744 \ud050\uc5d0 \ucd94\uac00\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n
  5. \ud050\uac00 \ube4c \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc18\ubcf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacb0\uacfc \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc758 \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \uc785\ub825\ud55c \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uac1c\uc218\uc640 \ub2e4\ub974\uba74 \uc0ac\uc774\ud074\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c -1<\/code>\uc744 \ubc18\ud658\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \uae30\ubcf8 \ucf54\ub4dc \uad6c\ud604<\/h2>\n
    \uc544\ub798\ub294 C++\ub85c \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc744 \uad6c\ud604\ud55c \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ucf54\ub4dc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
    \n#include <iostream>\n#include <vector>\n#include <queue>\nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid topologicalSort(int n, vector<vector<int>> &graph) {\n    vector<int> inDegree(n + 1, 0);\n    vector<int> result;\n\n    \/\/ \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218 \uacc4\uc0b0\n    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {\n        for (int j : graph[i]) {\n            inDegree[j]++;\n        }\n    }\n\n    queue<int> q;\n\n    \/\/ \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\uac00 0\uc778 \uc815\uc810 \ud050\uc5d0 \uc0bd\uc785\n    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {\n        if (inDegree[i] == 0) {\n            q.push(i);\n        }\n    }\n\n    while (!q.empty()) {\n        int u = q.front();\n        q.pop();\n        result.push_back(u);\n\n        for (int v : graph[u]) {\n            inDegree[v]--;\n            if (inDegree[v] == 0) {\n                q.push(v);\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ \uc0ac\uc774\ud074 \ud655\uc778\n    if (result.size() != n) {\n        cout << -1 << endl;\n    } else {\n        for (int i = 0; i < result.size(); i++) {\n            cout << result[i] << ' ';\n        }\n        cout << endl;\n    }\n}\n\nint main() {\n    int n, m;\n    cin >> n >> m;\n    vector<vector<int>> graph(n + 1);\n\n    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {\n        int x, y;\n        cin >> x >> y;\n        graph[x].push_back(y);\n    }\n\n    topologicalSort(n, graph);\n    return 0;\n}\n    <\/code><\/pre>\n
    \ucf54\ub4dc \uc124\uba85<\/h2>\n
    \uc704 \ucf54\ub4dc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uba3c\uc800 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \ub2f4\uae30 \uc704\ud574 inDegree<\/code>\ub77c\ub294 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \uc120\uc5b8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uac01 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud55c \ub4a4, \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\uac00 0\uc778 \uc815\uc810\uc744 \ud050\uc5d0 \ub123\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ub2e4\uc74c \ud050\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc810\uc744 \uaebc\ub0b4\uace0, \uaebc\ub0b8 \uc815\uc810\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub098\uac00\ub294 \uac04\uc120\uc744 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc81c\uac70\ud558\uace0 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub9cc\uc57d result<\/code> \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc758 \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uac1c\uc218\uc640 \ub2e4\ub974\uba74 \uc0ac\uc774\ud074\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ubbc0\ub85c -1<\/code>\uc744 \ucd9c\ub825\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
    \ubcf5\uc7a1\ub3c4 \ubd84\uc11d<\/h2>\n
    \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ub3c4\ub294 O(N + M)<\/code>\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c N<\/code>\uc740 \uc815\uc810\uc758 \uac1c\uc218, M<\/code>\uc740 \uac04\uc120\uc758 \uac1c\uc218\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uc138\ub294\ub370 O(M)<\/code> \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc18c\uc694\ub418\uace0, \uac01 \uc815\uc810\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\ub97c \uc5c5\ub370\uc774\ud2b8\ud558\ub294 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 O(M)<\/code> \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uac78\ub9bd\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc804\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c O(N + M)<\/code>\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ub3c4\ub97c \uac00\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacf5\uac04 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ub3c4\ub294 O(N + M)<\/code>\uc73c\ub85c, \uadf8\ub798\ud504\ub97c \uc800\uc7a5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc640 \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218 \ubc30\uc5f4\uc744 \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
    \ucd94\uac00 \uc5f0\uc2b5 \ubb38\uc81c<\/h2>\n
    \uc544\ub798\uc758 \ucd94\uac00 \uc5f0\uc2b5 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc744 \ub354 \uae4a\uc774 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud574\ubcf4\uc138\uc694.<\/p>\n
      \n
    1. \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uae30\ubc18\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc791\uc5c5 \uc870\ud569\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uace0 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc744 \uc801\uc6a9\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n
    2. \uc0ac\uc774\ud074\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c \uadf8\ub798\ud504\ub97c \uc785\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c, \uc801\uc808\ud55c \uc5d0\ub7ec \ucc98\ub9ac\ub97c \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n
    3. \uc9c4\uc785 \ucc28\uc218\uac00 \uac19\uc740 \uc815\uc810\uc774 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac1c\uc77c \uacbd\uc6b0, \uadf8 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uc815\uc810\uc744 \ubb34\uc791\uc704\ub85c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uad6c\ud604\ud574 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \uacb0\ub860<\/h2>\n
      \uc774\ubc88 \ud3ec\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc758 \uac1c\ub150\uacfc \uad6c\ud604 \ubc29\ubc95, \uc608\uc81c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc758 \ud65c\uc6a9 \ubc29\ubc95\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ubc30\uc6cc\ubcf4\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc740 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9ce\uc774 \uc751\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc774\ubbc0\ub85c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc5f0\uc2b5\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc911\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
      \uc774\uc81c \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\ub3c4 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uc791\uc5c5\uc744 \uc815\ub82c\ud558\uace0 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0 \uc790\uc2e0\uac10\uc744 \uac00\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\uae30\ub97c \ubc14\ub78d\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacc4\uc18d\ud574\uc11c \uc5f0\uc2b5\ud558\uace0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud480\uc5b4\ubcf4\uc138\uc694!<\/p>\n
      <\/body><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      \uc548\ub155\ud558\uc138\uc694! \uc774\ubc88 \uae00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uc54c\uc544\ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c\uc740 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc131 \ube44\uc21c\ud658 \uadf8\ub798\ud504(DAG, Directed Acyclic Graph)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc810\uc744 \uc120\ud615\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc5f4\ud558\ub294 \uc54c\uace0\ub9ac\uc998\uc73c\ub85c, \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc21c\uc11c\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ub54c \uc720\uc6a9\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc791\uc5c5\uc758 \uc885\uc18d\uc131\uc744 \ucc98\ub9ac\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ucef4\ud30c\uc77c\ub7ec\uac00 \ucf54\ub4dc\uc758 \uc2e4\ud589 \uc21c\uc11c\ub97c \uacb0\uc815\ud560 \ub54c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubb38\uc81c \uc124\uba85 \ub2e4\uc74c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ud574\uacb0\ud574 \ubcf4\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubb38\uc81c: \uc791\uc5c5 \uc2a4\ucf00\uc904\ub9c1 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uac1c\uc758 \uc791\uc5c5\uc774 \uc8fc\uc5b4\uc84c\uc744 \ub54c, \uac01 \uc791\uc5c5\uc740 \ud2b9\uc815\ud55c \uc120\ud589 … \ub354 \ubcf4\uae30 “C++ \ucf54\ub529\ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uac15\uc88c, \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c---2"],"yoast_head":"\nC++ \ucf54\ub529\ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8 \uac15\uc88c, \uc704\uc0c1 \uc815\ub82c - 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