{"id":31643,"date":"2024-11-01T09:01:14","date_gmt":"2024-11-01T09:01:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/?p=31643"},"modified":"2024-11-01T11:48:49","modified_gmt":"2024-11-01T11:48:49","slug":"python-multithreading-2-synchronization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/31643\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Multithreading 2 (Synchronization)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">This article explains the concept of thread synchronization in the case of <strong>multithreading<\/strong> in the Python programming language.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"Synchronization-between-threads\"><strong>Thread Synchronization<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Thread synchronization is defined as a mechanism that prevents two or more concurrent threads from executing specific segments of a program simultaneously, known as critical sections.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A critical section refers to a part of a program that accesses shared resources.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in the diagram below, three threads are trying to access shared resources or critical sections simultaneously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"522\" height=\"232\" src=\"http:\/\/thelivesmart.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24072\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img-2.png 522w, https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img-2-300x133.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 85vw, 522px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Concurrent access to shared resources can lead to race conditions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A race condition occurs when two or more threads can access shared data and attempt to modify it at the same time. As a result, the variable values become unpredictable and can vary depending on the timing of context switches in the process.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand the concept of race conditions, consider the program below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>import threading# global variable xx = 0def increment():&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;function to increment global variable x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;global x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x += 1def thread_task():&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;task for thread&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calls increment function 100000 times.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for _ in range(100000):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;increment()def main_task():&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;global x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# setting global variable x as 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x = 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# creating threads&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# start threads&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1.start()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2.start()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# wait until threads finish their job&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1.join()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2.join()if __name__ == &#8220;__main__&#8221;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for i in range(10):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;main_task()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print(&#8220;Iteration {0}: x = {1}&#8221;.format(i,x))<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Iteration 0: x = 175005\nIteration 1: x = 200000\nIteration 2: x = 200000\nIteration 3: x = 169432\nIteration 4: x = 153316\nIteration 5: x = 200000\nIteration 6: x = 167322\nIteration 7: x = 200000\nIteration 8: x = 169917\nIteration 9: x = 153589<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>In the above program:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>main_task<\/strong> function creates two threads <strong>t1<\/strong> and <strong>t2<\/strong> and sets the global variable <strong>x<\/strong> to 0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Each thread has a target function <strong>thread_task<\/strong> that calls the increment function 100000 times.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>increment<\/strong> function increases the global variable <strong>x<\/strong> by 1 each time it is called.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The expected final value of <strong>x<\/strong> is 200000, but the value obtained by repeating the <strong>main_task<\/strong> function 10 times varies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This occurs due to concurrent access to the shared variable <strong>x<\/strong>. This unpredictability of the <strong>x<\/strong> value is simply a <strong>race condition<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a diagram showing how a <strong>race condition occurs<\/strong> in the above program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"821\" height=\"472\" src=\"http:\/\/thelivesmart.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24073\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_1-1.png 821w, https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_1-1-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_1-1-768x442.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In the above diagram, the expected value of x<\/strong> is 12, but due to the race condition, it turned out to be 11!<br><br>Therefore, there is a need for tools to properly synchronize multiple threads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"Using-Locks\"><strong>Using Locks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The threading<\/strong> module provides the <strong>Lock<\/strong> class to handle race conditions. Locks are implemented using <strong>Semaphore<\/strong> objects provided by the operating system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A semaphore is a synchronization object that controls access to common resources by multiple processes\/threads in a parallel programming environment. It is simply a value located in a designated area of the operating system (or kernel) storage that each process\/thread can check and modify. Depending on the discovered value, the process\/thread can either use the resource or confirm that the resource is already in use and must wait for a certain period before retrying. A semaphore can be binary (0 or 1) or can have additional values. Generally, a process\/thread that uses a semaphore checks the value and then modifies it to reflect that a subsequent semaphore user must wait.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Lock<\/strong> class provides the following methods:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>acquire([blocking]) :<\/strong> Acquires the lock. The lock can be blocking or non-blocking.<br><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Calling with the <strong>blocking<\/strong> argument set to <strong>True<\/strong> (default) causes the thread execution to block until the lock is released, after which the lock is set and <strong>True<\/strong> is returned.<\/li>\n\n<li>Calling with the <strong>blocking<\/strong> argument set to <strong>False<\/strong> causes the thread execution not to block. If the lock is released, it sets the lock and returns <strong>True<\/strong>; otherwise, it immediately returns <strong>False<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:post-content -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li><strong>release() :<\/strong> Releases the lock.<br><ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>If the lock is locked, it resets to the unlocked state and returns. If there are other threads waiting for the lock to be released, exactly one of them is allowed to proceed.<\/li><!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<li>If the lock is already released, a <strong>ThreadError<\/strong> is raised.<\/li><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Consider the following example.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:table -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>import threading# global variable xx = 0def increment():&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;function to increment global variable x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;global x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x += 1def thread_task(lock):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;task for thread&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calls increment function 100000 times.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;&#8221;&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for _ in range(100000):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lock.acquire()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;increment()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lock.release()def main_task():&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;global x&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# setting global variable x as 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;x = 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# creating a lock&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lock = threading.Lock()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# creating threads&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(lock,))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(lock,))&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# start threads&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1.start()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2.start()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;# wait until threads finish their job&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t1.join()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t2.join()if __name__ == &#8220;__main__&#8221;:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for i in range(10):&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;main_task()&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;print(&#8220;Iteration {0}: x = {1}&#8221;.format(i,x))<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:table -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Output:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:code -->\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Iteration 0: x = 200000\nIteration 1: x = 200000\nIteration 2: x = 200000\nIteration 3: x = 200000\nIteration 4: x = 200000\nIteration 5: x = 200000\nIteration 6: x = 200000\nIteration 7: x = 200000\nIteration 8: x = 200000\nIteration 9: x = 200000<\/code><\/pre>\n<!-- \/wp:code -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s understand the code step by step.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>First, a <strong>Lock<\/strong> object is created using <code> lock = threading.Lock()<\/code><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Then, the <strong>lock<\/strong> is passed as an argument to the target function.<code> t1 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(lock,)) t2 = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(lock,))<\/code><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>In the critical section of the target function, the <strong>lock.acquire()<\/strong> method is used to apply the lock. Once the lock is acquired, the <strong>lock.release()<\/strong> method is used to release the lock, preventing other threads from accessing the critical section (in this case, the <strong>increment<\/strong> function) until it is released.<code> lock.acquire() increment() lock.release()<\/code> As seen in the results, the final value of <strong>x<\/strong> results in 200000 each time (the final expected result).<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Below is a diagram illustrating the lock implementation in the above program.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":24074,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"830\" height=\"442\" src=\"http:\/\/thelivesmart.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-24074\" srcset=\"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_2-1.png 830w, https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_2-1-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/img_2-1-768x409.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 984px) 61vw, (max-width: 1362px) 45vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><strong>This concludes the tutorial series on multithreading in Python.<\/strong><br>In conclusion, here are some advantages and disadvantages of multithreading:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p id=\"Advantages:\"><strong>Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Does not block the user. Threads are independent of each other.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Threads run tasks in parallel, making more efficient use of system resources.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Improved performance on multiprocessor systems.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Multithreaded servers and interactive GUIs exclusively use multithreading.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p id=\"Disadvantages:\"><strong>Disadvantages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>As the number of threads increases, complexity also increases.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Synchronization of shared resources (objects, data) is necessary.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Debugging can be difficult, and results may be unpredictable.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Potential deadlocks leading to starvation, meaning some threads may not get resources due to poor design.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>Thread configuration and synchronization can be CPU\/memory intensive.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article explains the concept of thread synchronization in the case of multithreading in the Python programming language. Thread Synchronization Thread synchronization is defined as a mechanism that prevents two or more concurrent threads from executing specific segments of a program simultaneously, known as critical sections. A critical section refers to a part of a &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/31643\/\" class=\"more-link\">\ub354 \ubcf4\uae30<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Python Multithreading 2 (Synchronization)&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Python Multithreading 2 (Synchronization) - \ub77c\uc774\ube0c\uc2a4\ub9c8\ud2b8<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/atmokpo.com\/w\/31643\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Python Multithreading 2 (Synchronization) - \ub77c\uc774\ube0c\uc2a4\ub9c8\ud2b8\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article explains the concept of thread synchronization in the case of multithreading in the Python programming language. 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Thread Synchronization Thread synchronization is defined as a mechanism that prevents two or more concurrent threads from executing specific segments of a program simultaneously, known as critical sections. 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